Delirium (acute delirium) is a syndrome characterized by disturbances in attention, consciousness, cognitive abilities, and perception. Delirium is a sudden state of confusion, usually temporary, that causes changes in how a person thinks and behaves, and follows a fluctuating course.

Delirium is a common, serious, and complex problem that is associated with poor outcomes for those who experience it. By responding quickly and appropriately, it can be prevented and recovery outcomes can be improved.

Preventing delirium

It is always more effective if delirium can be prevented (see quality handbook), and therefore it is essential to identify individuals at risk, assess risk factors, and avoid anything that could potentially increase the risk of delirium (reduce triggering factors).

Risk factors

Risk factors for delirium in medical and surgical patients have been identified in many studies and include:

• Memory impairment and dementia

• A history of delirium

• Functional impairment

• Visual impairment

• Advanced age

• A history of alcohol abuse.

Chronic diseases are also known risk factors in various patient groups.

Triggering causes

According to research, triggering causes are primarily:

• Medication side effects

• Alcohol and drug withdrawal

• Metabolic disturbances

• Infections

• Severe illnesses

• Organ failure

• Certain fractures

• Various surgeries

• Physical restraints

The list is not exhaustive.