The Environmental Agency's air quality meters have identified sulfur dioxide (SO₂) as the primary gas pollutant emanating from the eruption, originating from both erupting lava and the new lava in the area. Additionally, volcanic smog, characterized by its distinct blue-gray hue, can accompany the eruption.

Air Quality Monitoring and Safety Measures

Residents, particularly those in the southwest region, are urged to stay informed about gas dispersion forecasts provided by the Icelandic Meteorological Office. Monitoring gas pollution and particulate matter levels on the Environmental Agency's website (loftgaedi.is) is also recommended.

The Chief Epidemiologist highlights a booklet addressing health hazards associated with volcanic air pollution, jointly prepared by various institutions and organizations. This resource explains the health effects of air pollution from volcanic eruptions and offers guidance on safeguarding against its impact.

Hazardous Gases

During volcanic eruptions, various pollutants are released both in the gas phase and in solid form, including sulfur dioxide (SO₂), which is odorless but smells like fireworks. Other dangerous gases such as carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide, are odorless but can pose risks, particularly in the vicinity of the volcano.

Volcanic smog forms when sulfur dioxide (SO₂) and other gases react with oxygen and moisture in the atmosphere with the help of sunlight. This process converts sulfur dioxide into sulfate (SO₄). Unlike standard air quality monitors, which measure sulfur dioxide, the presence of volcanic smog is best assessed by monitoring fine particulate matter (PM1). Volcanic smog can be more irritating than particulate matter due to car traffic.

The Environmental Agency's website (loftgaedi.is) provides real-time measurements of air quality and pollution caused by sulfur dioxide and particulate matter, simplifying results with color-coded indicators. Practical instructions for responding to elevated sulfur dioxide levels and worsening air quality are also available.

Exposure to volcanic smog and sulfur dioxide can result in drowsiness, headaches, eye and throat irritation as well as respiratory symptoms. Fine particulates (PM1 and PM2.5) pose significant health risks as they can easily reach deep into the lungs. Children and individuals with underlying heart and lung conditions are advised to limit outdoor activities, avoid strenuous activity in polluted areas, and keep windows closed during episodes of poor air quality.

See here for further information: Volcanic eruption - recommendations for health effects

The Chief Epidemiologist